|
Research and development intensity or simply R&D intensity, is generally defined as expenditures by a firm on its research and development (R&D) divided by the firm's sales. There are two types of R&D intensity: direct and indirect. R&D intensity varies, in general, according to a firm's industry sector, product knowledge, manufacturing, and technology, and is a metric that can be used to gauge the level of a company's investment to spur innovation in and through basic and applied research. A further aim of R&D spending, ultimately, is to increase productivity (e.g., factor productivity) as well as an organization's salable output. ==Definition and aim of metric== Generally speaking, R&D is seen as a main driver of societal and business innovation. The OECD's ''Frascati Manual'' describes R&D as "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications."〔OECD (2002) ''Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities,'' p. 30, Paris, FR: OECD Publishing, DOI 10.1787/9789264199040-en, see (), accessed 13 October 2015.〕 R&D expenditure and R&D intensity are two of the key indicators used to monitor resources devoted to science and technology worldwide. R&D intensity has been defined as "the ratio of expenditures by a firm on research and development to the firm's sales." William Leonard has described research intensity as "measured usually by ratios of scientific personnel to total employment or by R&D expenditures/sales" to gains in such variables as productivity, profits, sales, and asset status.〔 R&D intensity is therefore a measure of a company's R&D spending toward activities aimed at expanding sector and product knowledge, manufacturing, and technology, and so aimed at spurring innovation in and through basic and applied research. Furthermore, it is aimed at increasing "factor productivity and salable output". There are two types of R&D intensive, calculated as follows:〔 * Direct R&D intensity is calculated by dividing R&D expenditure by output * Indirect R&D intensity, which quantifies the R&D expenditure embodied in the intermediate goods used in the production of another sector, can be calculated using Input-Output Tables. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「R&D intensity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|